Hands-on experience with common identity tools such as IdP/SSO (Okta, Entra ID/Azure AD, Ping), IGA (SailPoint, Saviynt), PAM (CyberArk, BeyondTrust), and directory services, plus intermediate knowledge of authentication and federation protocols (SAML, OIDC, OAuth 2.0, SCIM, LDAP, Kerberos).