Control systems: Working understanding of at least one SCADA/HMI platform — Ignition, AVEVA, Siemens WinCC, Rockwell FactoryTalk — including its user model, historian, and remote client architecture, enough to write requirements and read its logs; familiarity with PLCs and RTUs (Siemens, Rockwell, Schneider, Beckhoff, SEL) and with PCS, BMS, meters, and protection relays.