Layer 2 through Layer 7 networking technologies and protocols
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Stateful firewalls
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS)
Web and content filtering
Proxy technologies
Email security gateways
VPN technologies (IPsec, SSL VPN)
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Wireless networking (802.11/WLAN)
Syslog
NetFlow/IPFIX
Active Directory
LDAP
SAML 2.0
Zero Trust architectures
Secure Access Service Edge (SASE)
Security Service Edge (SSE)
VMware
Hyper-V
Microsoft Azure
Amazon Web Services (AWS)