Lehdonvirta, V. Wu, B., and Hawkins, Z. (2025). Weaponized interdependence in a bipolar world: How economic forces and security interests shape the global reach of U.S. and Chinese cloud data centres. Review of International Political Economy. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4670764
Kilpi, J., Kässi, O., and Lehdonvirta, V. (2025) Most Finnish digital public services hosted by U.S. cloud providers. DIESL blog. https://diesl.eu/most-finnish-digital-public-services-hosted-by-u-s-cloud-providers/
Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2026). The Heterogeneous Impact of Data Transfer Restrictions on Data Centre Geography. Working paper available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=7429402
Hawkins, Z., Lehdonvirta, V. and Wu, B. (2025). AI Compute Sovereignty: Infrastructure Control Across Territories, Cloud Providers, and Accelerators. Working paper available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5312977
Lehdonvirta, V. Wu, B., and Hawkins, Z. (2024). Compute North vs. Compute South: The Uneven Possibilities of Compute-based AI Governance Around the Globe. 7th AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. San Jose, CA, October 21-23, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/8yp7z
Kilpi, J. (2025). Detecting digital dependence: Inferring public-sector hosting arrangements from Internet infrastructural records, https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-202512179426
Liukkonen, K. (2025). Competing clouds: U.S.-China tech rivalry and the geoeconomic turn, https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-202506174870
Ngo, L. (2025). Regulating the cloud: Cross-border data transfer regulation and the geography of hyperscale cloud infrastructure, https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-202601221897